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General description
Lactoferrin is mapped to human chromosome 3p21.31. It comprises globular lobes and undergoes post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and glycosylation.[1] Lactoferrin belongs to the lactotransferrin family and has Ser‐Lys catalytic dyad like serine proteases.[2]
Application
Lactoferrin from human milk has been used:
to test its neuroprotective effect on neuroblastoma cells and mouse mesencephalic dopaminergic cell lines MN9D [3]
to test its antioxidative effect in Edible Bird′s Nest (EBN) induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay[4]
in the preparation of immobilized titanium substrate for testingMG-63 osteoblast activity[5]
as a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP1) ligand in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)[6]
Biochem/physiol Actions
Lactoferrin is an iron binding protein. It is structurally similar to transferrin, the plasma iron transport protein; but lactoferrin has a much higher affinity for iron (250 fold). It is very abundant in colostrum and small amounts can also be found in tears, saliva, mucous secretions and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. It is made by mucosal epithelium and neutrophils and is released by these cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. Bacterial growth is inhibited by its ability to sequester iron and also permeabilize bacterial cell walls by binding to lipopolysaccharides through its N-terminus. Lactoferrin can inhibit viral infection by binding tightly to the viral envelope protein. This prevents cell-virus fusion by blocking the binding domain. Lactoferrin appears to activate host defense systems in part by stimulating the release of interleukin-8, a neutrophil activator. It may also be involved in antibody and interleukin synthesis, lymphocyte proliferation and complement activation.
Lactoferrin is blood-brain barrier (BBB) traversable and has therapeutic potential to regulate inflammation, immunity and apoptosis in Parkinson′s disease.[1] It promotes the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via various signaling pathways and aids protection in motor dysfunction.[1] Lactoferrin favors osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs).[3] It exhibits proteolytic activity on Haemophilus influenzae colonization factors.[2] Lactoferrin is also a nutraceutical and a potential marker in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, leukocytes[1]
